The other 2 doctors–Doctors Sagan & Kaprowski–were had immigrated from Russia & Germany after being hired by the U.S. government to come up with solutions, as they were one of the more prominent names in medicine at the time.

The prize to who ever came up with a vaccine for polio was enormous, along with getting fame they would receive boat loads of me, and with that in mind, the 2 doctors began a competition to see who would come up with a cure first. Now, to find a cure for polio, both doctors needed to test the effects various medicines would have on people, they could not do this in the U.S. fore 2 reasons;

1) It was illegal to use humans as guinea pigs for lab experiments (atleast if they were white)

2) Dr. Salk had already immunized large portions of the American population

So the 2 doctors decided to go outside America to test their vaccines. Dr. Sagan went to Russia, and Dr. Kaprowski went to Africa.

Long story short, Dr. Sagan’s vaccine proved effective in immunizing the children of some Easern European countries–Latvia, Estonia, etc., and it became the vaccine that we use today to treat it

____________________________________________

Dr. Kaprowski , on the other hand, in creating his vaccine, was careless about the methods he used. Part of his soluition involved using chimp DNA and incorporating it into his medicine, unfortunately for him (and eventually for about 70% of Africa) his solution was infected with the chimp equivalent of what we now know as HIV/AID’s, but Dr. Kaprowski could care less about making sure ke didn’t kill the patients he tested on —he was seeking money, fame, & glory.

So, with the help of the U.S. government , & the WHO he administered a virus (which he told the citizens of Burundi, Rwanda, & the Congo) was a vaccine for polio, to 1,000, 000 people.

The rest is history, the AID’s virus spread like wild fire throughout those regions, and eventually into other surrounding countries as well.

Now, there are alternate theories that suggest that a man had either fornicated with a monkey, cut himself while cleaning a monkey, or been bitten by a monkey and that is how the various came about. What this theory fails to explain is why the AID’s virus never developed until polio vaccinations were given by American doctors to Africans, since humans have hunted & eaten monkeys (chimps) for hundreds (if not thousands) of years. Today the epicenter of the disease is in those regions where Dr. Kaprowski administered his vaccinations to Africans, and today–50 years later–70% of the continent has the terminal illness, and 100, 000, 000 children are expected to die from it by the end of the century
The origin of aids:

Controversial discussions on AID’s:

What do you think about this documentary (summarized) regarding the origins of AID's/HIV? is a post from: Nature Technology Corporation

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An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure, so goes the old saying. Presently, Medicare Part B covers the flu, pneumococcal, and hepatitis B vaccines.  Medicare does not, however, cover the shingles vaccination, but there is a good possibility this may change in the future.

At the moment,  one in three persons will develop shingles. The good news is you can lower your risk for getting this disease with the Zostavax vaccine that was approved for shingles in 2006.  It is recommended for those who are 60 years of age and up as a method of protection from the symptoms and complications of this disease.

Shingles, or Herpes zoster, is caused by the same virus (varicella zoster, VZV) that causes chickenpox. It is marked by pain, red rash, and fluid filled blisters. The virus is never leaves the body.  it stays hidden and dormant in the nerve fibers of the body until some assault on the immune system reactivates it.  Getting vaccinated with Zostavax, a chickenpox booster, can help prevent this painful event from intruding on your life. The vaccine is also effective in reducing the risks and complications of posterherpetic neuralgia.

How much does it cost?

Merck, the manufacturer of zostavax, is charging around 0 per injection. Hospitals and doctors are charging about 0. This cost may be out of reach for those who do not have medical coverage, or can not otherwise afford it.

Shingles occurs only in people who have had a prior case of chickenpox. Shingles can not be passed on to someone else as shingles. However, the virus can be passed to another via person to person contact, but if that person never had chickenpox, they are not immune for getting it. If you have never had varicella, it would be in your best interest to stay away from someone who is currently having an active infection, that is unless you want chickenpox.

Who gets the vaccine?

Zostavax is approved for seniors, but is contraindicated for some people due to other chronic illness that may be present, such as:

HIV/AIDS
Any immune disturbance
People who have had chemotherapy treatment for cancer
History of cancer
If you are currently suffering from any illness
if you are on steroids or anti-rejection drugs
If you are pregnant or think you might be pregnant

If you are planning to get this vaccine, avoid pregnancy for at least three months after having the injection.
The vaccine carries very little risk, however there is always the chance of having a reaction, particularly if you have an allergy to gelatin. Check with your health care provider to see if this vaccine will benefit you.

If you are having a lot of stress in your life, which is a risk factor for getting shingles, stress management is important to reduce your risk. You can try yoga, imagery, meditation, and biofeedback, as well as many other modalities that help to reduce stress.

Whether you have Medicare or some other private insurance, check your policy or give your agent a call to see if your Zostavax vaccine is covered.

How to Manage and Prevent Shingles – Medicare and Vaccines Information is a post from: Nature Technology Corporation

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  Pharmaceutical industry in the moment is undoubtedly the hottest in biomedical terms. In the global development of new medicines into the bottleneck, when everyone had put their hopes on the emerging bio-pharmaceutical top. China’s pharmaceutical industry is still dominated by generic drugs, in 2007 the financial crisis to China can be regarded as an excellent opportunity for the development of bio-medicine: the past two years across the country gathered a group of bio-pharmaceutical high-end professionals; the state policy and financially strong support development of bio-industry; foreign economic situation is unstable, and foreign bio-pharmaceutical companies are hot in China as an investment; health care reform so that China’s healthcare market more standardized.

  December 10 exhibition organized by the CBI of “China Biopharmaceutical Industry Focus 2009 theme-cum-vaccination Day” held in Shanghai. Vaccine is currently the largest market share of bio-pharmaceuticals, as the global pharmaceutical industry shift from treatment to disease prevention, the vaccine market will be gradually expanded.

   Vaccines are the main drug prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, at the Ministry of Health Disease Prevention and Control Bureau and analysis of the incidence of infectious diseases, talked about the country: “After 1970, the overall incidence of infectious diseases in China a downward trend, but the face of new emerging infectious sources such as SARS virus, influenza A H1N1 influenza virus, due to the lack of effective early treatment vary up to develop the corresponding disease, the vaccine would be the most effective treatments. ”

   In the next speech, Amy Shi Market Research Consulting (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Hao-Hsuan Senior Principal Consultant, said: “Before 1996 the vaccines by the State CDC control, does not allow foreign investors to enter the domestic market, the vaccine developed and produced entirely by the Health 6 Ministry of the completion of the Biotechnology Research Institute. In 1996, sanofi pasteur, the first to enter China, in Shenzhen set up subsidiaries in China. In 2005 the State Council promulgated the Ordinance to allow two vaccine market opening, followed by a number of multinational manufacturing enterprises one after another vaccine development China to form a pattern of domestic vaccine market. ”

   Chinese vaccine industry, the market just at the initial stage of the Chinese bio-pharmaceutical industry with the most potential sectors, the figures predict that the Chinese vaccine market within ten years 1,200 billion yuan, will become China’s biological industry leader!

Boris Minev, MD, Assistant Project Scientist, UCSD Cancer Center discusses new strategies for the development of cancer vaccines in this presentation by Stein Institute for Research on Aging. Series: “SIRA (Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging)” [6/2002] [Health and Medicine] [Show ID: 6003]
Video Rating: 4 / 5

Chinese bio-pharmaceutical industry focus on vaccines is a post from: Nature Technology Corporation

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To vaccinate with chicken pox vaccine? is a post from: Nature Technology Corporation

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Many  ailments such as polio, rickets, small pox, yellow fever, different current flues etc, caused by bacteria and viruses are now treated rather successfully, through vaccination.

Vaccination in general, depend to a great extent on the defense system of the body in recognizing the weakened virus or bacteria, and acting in producing sufficient anti-bodies so as  to destroy the real infection once it sets in.

It is now evident that the herpes simplex virus which causes cold sores, concentrates itself in the amyloidal plagues that clog up the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease. Vaccines developed on yearly terms will undoubtedly curb subsequent infection.

Recently, a vaccine is developed from the parasite that causes the most serious malarial disease, brought about by the protozoan parasite, Plasmodium faliciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae. Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasite. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Usually, people get malaria by being bitten by an infective female Anopheles mosquito. Infection is caused through a previous blood meal taken on an infected person, and transmitted through a fresh bite to a healthy individual. About  350–500 million cases of malaria, are recorded  each year, killing between one and three million people, the majority of whom are young children in Africa alone. Treatment is through the use of anti-malarial drugs such as quinine or artimisinin derivatives. However, parasites have developed a resistance to many of these drugs.

It has been reported that almost halved the risk of infection in vaccinated infants in Kenya and Tanzania.

Indeed the results will encourage wide spread treatment world by large, as the first approval of the world’s first vaccine against malaria. The vaccine is administered by injection, which primes the immune system against a molecule in the parasite which as it enters the blood in the mosquito spit. There are efforts in trials in targeting other stages in the parasite’s life cycle could produce viable vaccines.

A trial of a vaccine which targets the liver stage of the malaria cycle is already on line, and if successful, will add more to the method of fighting the disease.

Other attempts were to introduce infertile mosquitoes into the urban areas, where the insect prevails, in order to diminish the breeding capacity of the insect through its lifecycle.

This is an excellent leap in the development and advance of the frontier of medication and combat of transmitted diseases, which hopefully will encompass all those that are known.

Vaccines for every transmitted Disease is a post from: Nature Technology Corporation

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Stakeholder Opinions: Therapeutic Vaccines – A far-off promise of greatness

The development of therapeutic vaccines has expanded beyond cancer indications and is attracting increasing interest from Pharma and Biotech, driven by potential advantages such as improved specificity, long-lasting immune response and cost-savings compared to conventional pharmacotherapy. First candidates have reached late-stage clinical development. ( http://www.bharatbook.com/detail.asp?id=130024&rt=Stakeholder-Opinions-Therapeutic-Vaccines-A-far-off-promise-of-greatness.html )

Scope

* Strategic analysis of therapeutic vaccine pipelines and key clinical candidates across several disease areas outside cancer
* Thorough assessment of opportunities and challenges for therapeutic vaccine development
* Review of potential strategies to increase the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines
* In-depth discussion of key target diseases, unmet needs and rationales for therapeutic vaccine development

Highlights

Efficacy and safety as well as the lack of suitable animal models remain key issues in therapeutic vaccine design and development. A prudent combination of suitable antigens, adjuvants and delivery systems will be crucial to creating efficacious therapeutic vaccines.

Other strategies to increase the efficacy of therapeutic vaccination may include a combination of therapeutic vaccination and pharmacotherapy as well as targeting of early-stage patients, who are more likely to mount a sufficient immune response.

Candidates for the treatment of substance dependence and diabetes have advanced furthest, whereas experts are more sceptical about the prospects of therapeutic vaccination in cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Disease-specific risk/benefit profiles will be key to regulatory approval.

Reasons to Purchase

* Review therapeutic vaccine progress in four key disease areas outside cancer
* Gain insight into the market environment for therapeutic vaccines through an analysis of pipelines, key candidates and regulatory trends
* Understand challenges, unmet needs and future opportunities by learning about the views of industry and academic key opinion leaders
 

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Therapeutic Vaccines – A far-off promise of greatness is a post from: Nature Technology Corporation

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Introduction

Over the past decade, vaccines have resurfaced as an attractive commercial proposition for Pharma. The developed world has been the initial focus of vaccine makers due to the better healthcare infrastructure and higher price levels. However, facing increasingly saturated markets in the West, companies are looking to expand into new geographies, such as Latin America’s emerging markets.

Scope

*Strategic analysis of key domestic vaccine companies as well as the position of major international players

*Thorough assessment of the market environment for vaccines in Brazil, Mexico and Argentina

*Review of existing vaccine recommendations, coverage rates and promising future indications

*In-depth discussion of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for each market from a vaccine maker’s perspective

Highlights

Striving to achieve self-sufficiency in vaccine supply, Brazil has created a strong, state-controlled vaccine industry. The requirement for technology transfer partnerships with domestic companies for international vaccine makers targeting the Brazilian public sector can facilitate market entry, but reduces the long-term market opportunity.

In the absence of a strong domestic vaccine industry, Mexico and Argentina heavily depend on vaccine imports. Partnerships with local developers and distributors can gain international players an advantage in market penetration and winning national tenders.

As a consequence of increasing wealth and growing awareness for vaccination, emerging private sector markets in all three countries offer a promising opportunity, particularly to manufacturers of novel, high-price vaccines which currently have small chances of being integrated into routine vaccination schedules.

Reasons to Purchase

*Review portfolios and deals for key domestic vaccine companies as well as the position of major international vaccine makers

*Gain insight into the market environment for vaccines through a review of demographic, economic and regulatory trends

*Understand challenges, unmet needs and future opportunities for vaccine makers targeting Brazil, Mexico and Argentina

Table of Contents :

“Overview 1
Catalyst 1
Summary 1
About  healthcare 2
About the Infectious Diseases pharmaceutical analysis team 2
Executive Summary 3
Scope of the analysis 3
insight into vaccines in emerging markets (Latin America) 3
Related reports 5
Upcoming reports 5
Table of Contents 6
1. Overview of the three main Latin American Emerging markets for vaccines 7
Key findings 7
Brazil and Mexico are promising potential markets for vaccine developers due to their large birth cohorts and growing population sizes 7
The increasing wealth in Latin America has led to the emergence of a promising private sector market for vaccines 8
There is a large unmet need for vaccines against endemic diseases in Latin America 10
Vaccination coverage and recommendations vary across the key emerging Latin American markets 11
There are significant differences between the vaccines markets of Brazil, Mexico and Argentina 13
2. Brazil 20
Key findings 20
General characteristics 21
Demographics 21
Economics 24
Healthcare expenditure and access 25
The Brazilian vaccines market 28
Historic development 28
Current market situation 30
Key stakeholders in Brazil’s vaccination system 34
Existing recommendations, coverage, available vaccines 35
Vaccination recommendations 35
Vaccination coverage 39
Available vaccines 41
Regulatory process for vaccines 43
Key vaccine players in Brazil 44
General overview 44
Multinational corporations 46
GlaxoSmithKline 47
Sanofi Pasteur 48
Merck & Co, Wyeth/Pfizer, Novartis 49
Local vaccine players 49
Fiocruz/Bio-Manguinhos 51
Instituto Butantan 56
Key future target indications 58
SWOT analysis of Brazil as a target market for vaccine producers 60
Best strategy for market penetration 62
3. Mexico 64
Key findings 64
General characteristics 65
Demographics 66
Economics 68
Healthcare expenditure and access 69
The Mexican vaccines market 71
Historic development 71
Current market situation 72
Key stakeholders in Mexico’s vaccination system 75
Existing recommendations, coverage, available vaccines 76
Vaccination recommendations 76
Vaccination coverage 78
Available vaccines 79
Regulatory process for vaccines 83
Key vaccine players in Mexico 84
General overview 84
Multinational corporations 84
Sanofi Pasteur 85
Novartis 85
Merck & Co 85
GlaxoSmithKline 85
Wyeth/Pfizer 85
Local vaccine players 85
Birmex 86
Key future target indications 87
SWOT analysis of Mexico as a target market for vaccine producers 88
Best strategy for market penetration 89
4. Argentina 91
Key findings 91
General characteristics 92
Demographics 93
Economics 95
Healthcare expenditure and access 96
The Argentinean vaccines market 98
Historic development 98
Current market situation 99
Key stakeholders in Argentina’s vaccination system 100
Existing recommendations, coverage, available vaccines 100
Vaccination recommendations 100
Vaccination coverage 103
Available vaccines 104
Regulatory process for vaccines 107
Key vaccine players in Argentina 107
General overview 107
Multinational corporations 108
Sanofi Pasteur 108
GlaxoSmithKline 108
Novartis 109
Merck & Co 109
Wyeth/Pfizer 109
Local vaccine players 109
Key future target indications 111
SWOT analysis of Argentina as a target market for vaccine producers 112
Best strategy for market penetration 113
Bibliography 114
Journals 114
Websites 114
Appendix 121
Contributing experts 121
Conferences attended 121
Report methodology 121
About  122
About  Healthcare 122
About the Infectious Diseases analysis team 123
Key therapy team members 124
Hedwig Kresse, Lead Analyst, Infectious Diseases 124
Disclaimer 126
List of Tables
Table 1: Overview: vaccines recommended as part of the national immunization schedules in Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, 2009 12
Table 2: Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) revolving fund vaccine prices, 2009 17
Table 3: Brazil: key economic indicators, 2007-09 25
Table 4: Brazil: healthcare expenditure indicators, 2006 26
Table 5: Brazil: key health system indicators, 2006 27
Table 6: Brazil: top 10 causes of mortality, 2004 27
Table 7: Brazil: vaccination recommendations, 2009 38
Table 8: Brazil: administered vaccine doses by indication, 2005-09 42
Table 9: Brazil: position of the five key Western vaccine players, 2010 47
Table 10: Brazil: overview of key local vaccine players, 2010 50
Table 11: Fiocruz/Bio-Manguinhos: human vaccine portfolio overview, 2010 54
Table 12: Fiocruz/Bio-Manguinhos: key vaccine deals and alliances, 2010 55
Table 13: Instituto Butantan: human vaccine portfolio overview, 2010 57
Table 14: Instituto Butantan: key vaccine deals and alliances, 2010 57
Table 15: SWOT analysis of Brazil as vaccine market, 2010 62
Table 16: Mexico: key economic indicators, 2007-09 68
Table 17: Mexico: healthcare expenditure indicators, 2006 69
Table 18: Mexico: key health system indicators, 2004 70
Table 19: Mexico: top 10 causes of mortality, 2004 70
Table 20: Mexico: vaccination recommendations, 2009 78
Table 21: Mexico: authorized vaccines, November 2009 80
Table 22: Mexico: position of the five key Western vaccine players, 2010 84
Table 23: Birmex: human vaccine portfolio overview, 2010 86
Table 24: Birmex: key vaccine deals and alliances, 2010 87
Table 25: SWOT analysis of Mexico as vaccine market, 2010 89
Table 26: Argentina: key economic indicators, 2007-09 95
Table 27: Argentina: healthcare expenditure indicators, 2006 96
Table 28: Argentina: key health system indicators, 2004 97
Table 29: Argentina: top 10 causes of mortality, 2004 97
Table 30: Argentina: estimated number of vaccine doses distributed for key indications, 2010 99
Table 31: Argentina: vaccination recommendations, 2009 102
Table 32: Argentina: authorized vaccines, 2010 105
Table 33: Argentina: position of the five key Western vaccine players, 2010 108
Table 34: SWOT analysis of Argentina as vaccine market, 2010 113
List of Figures
Figure 1: Overview: total population size, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, the US and the five major EU markets, 1995-2020 7
Figure 2: Overview: birth cohort size, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, the US and the five major EU markets, 1995-2020 8
Figure 3: Overview: gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, the US and the five major EU markets, 2007-09 9
Figure 4: Overview: healthcare spend per capita and private expenditure on health in Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, the US and the five major EU markets, 2006 10
Figure 5: Overview: distribution of key endemic diseases in Latin America 11
Figure 6: Overview: coverage for key vaccinations in Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, 2008 13
Figure 7: Market shares of key Western vaccine companies in Latin America, 2008 14
Figure 8: Overview: estimates of the market size for human vaccines in Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, 2008/2009 15
Figure 9: National versus external vaccine financing, Latin America, 1987-2006 16
Figure 10: Overview: key domestic vaccine players in Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, 2010 18
Figure 11: Overview: key vaccine market characteristics in Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, 2010 19
Figure 12: Brazil: overview of the vaccine landscape, 2010 21
Figure 13: Brazil: population growth, 1995-2020 22
Figure 14: Brazil: population spread by age group, 2010 versus 2020 23
Figure 15: Brazil: mortality of children <5 years of age, 1995-2020 24
Figure 16: Brazil: timeline of introduction of key vaccines into the public immunization schedule, 1973-2010 29
Figure 17: Brazil: Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI), vaccine purchase budget, 1995-200

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Stakeholder Opinions: Vaccines in emerging markets (Latin America) – Opportunities in Brazil, Mexico and Argentina is a post from: Nature Technology Corporation

Technorati Tags: America, Argentina, Brazil, emerging, Latin, markets, Mexico, Opinions, Opportunities, Stakeholder, Vaccines

If you have ever had a really bad ear-ache. You go to the doctors and and, after he or she has checked your ears the possibility of you being prescribed an antibiotic is high. What happens if the antibiotic is not taken as prescribed? Sometimes nothing happens, but occasionally the bacteria linger and build up a resistance to the specific antibiotic. This can also happen with viruses and vaccines.

A vaccine is a variation of a particular disease that cannot reproduce. It is manipulated so that it can’t do any harm but it is so similar to the harmful version it stimulates antibodies to the disease and so builds up immunity within the person to that disease.

The current issue with antibiotic-resistant bacteria is one that is also causing concern and study within the medical community in relation to vaccines. What if a virus which causes a disease, such as polio or measles (both caused by viruses), mutates with the result that the vaccine stops working?

Antibiotics are prescribed when bacteria are present usually in large numbers) within the human body. We are subject to attack from many bacteria every day and normally, the body’s immune system can overcome most of the common bacteria found in the world.

There are bacteria however, that infect the body and overpower the immune system, and as a result a little help from antibiotics is needed.

A disease such as measles or even the flu (influenza) is not caused by bacteria but by a virus and if a part of a strand of it’s DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) mutates or changes then any vaccine used to prevent the disease may stop working however usually a modified vaccine can be produced to match the mutated virus.

If you consider influenza (flu). Normally each year a new or diffferent version of the virus is found to be responsible for the “flu”. But once the version is identified a vaccine is created to prevent the illness from spreading.

A viral disease, like the flu, is not affected by antibiotics and must be treated in a different way. In fact, once the disease is caught, the human body must weather through it because by that point a vaccine would normally be useless.

There are a small number of viral illnesses, for example the rabies virus, that will respond to a vaccine if it is administered early enough, however, vaccines must normally be administered in advance for the body to be effectively protected.

Vaccines have saved countless lives over the last century and unlike their antibiotic cousins, have not shown to create mutations in the viruses they are preventing. As a result scientists are now debating whether or not vaccines can come into play in treating bacterial infections, particularly where antibiotics are failing.

Should this become a reality, individuals currently defenseless against the super bacteria (such as MRSA) could find themselves once again able to fight off these threats to life and health. The possibilities of a disease becoming resistant to the vaccine are almost negligible.

Can Vaccines Be Used To Fight Super Bacteria? is a post from: Nature Technology Corporation

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The global market for human vaccines has experienced strong growth in the past few years, and R&D departments at many pharmaceutical companies are working on new prophylactics, some of which may see near-term marketing. What illnesses may see a vaccine option in the coming years? Which vaccines will have the most successful business model? Who are the major companies in this market, and possible new entrants? What can current vaccine success stories tell us about the future of the vaccine market? This Kalorama Information report What’s Next in Vaccines? examines and estimates the market for vaccines that have yet to be launched, including the following target areas:

Addiction

Allergy

Alzheimer’s Disease

Anthrax

Asthma

Campylobacter Infection

Chlamydia

Croup

Dengue Fever

Diabetes

Ebola

Epstein-Barr Virus

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Helicobacter Pylori

Hepatitis

Herpesvirus

Hookworm

Hypertension

HIV/AIDS

Leishmaniasis

Malaria

MRSA Infection

Multiple Sclerosis

Obesity

Parainfluenza Virus Type 3

Parkinson’s Disease

Plague

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Ross River Virus

Shigellosis

Smoking

Stroke

Tuberculosis

West Nile Virus

Some of these vaccines may see success; some could be the blockbusters of the future. For marketers and industry watchers a knowledge of all of the potential vaccines will be important to understand how pharma is seeking to renew bottom line with aggressive prophylactic strategies, and who the winners and losers in the near future may be. Alison Sahoo has looked at the vaccine market three times in as many years for Kalorama Information, and in this report applies a knowledge of what companies have done in the past to potential efforts.

There are a number of trends that will impact the industry that market watchers will want to know about, and Kalorama Information has covered these trends; including: New Vaccine Technologies, DNA Vaccination, Innovative Delivery Systems, Edible Vaccines, Vaccine Patches, Funding Shortfalls. The report also discusses vaccine manufacturing methods and the approval process. In addition, the report focuses on the emerging vaccine activities of the following companies

Acambis plc

ACE BioSciences

AFFiRiS

ALK-Abello A/S

Allergy Therapeutics

Bavarian Nordic A/S

Baxter Healthcare

Celldex Therapeutics

Crucell

Cytos Biotechnology

GlaxoSmithKline

Hawaii Biotech

Intercell

Medimmune

Merck & Co. Inc

Mymetics

Nabi Biopharmaceuticals

Novartis

Opexa Therapeutics

Paladin Labs

Sanofi Pasteur

This report provides forecasted revenues for products in development out to 2020. The report does not does not cover indication expansions of existing vaccine products, nor does it cover vaccines for which products currently exist and are widely available, but may need improvement. Development of vaccines that incorporate new production methods (such as the migration of chicken eggs to mammal, yeast or other cells) is also excluded. Cancer vaccines are excluded as Kalorama has an entire report on this topic.

Sales estimates for each market segment represent global revenues and are expressed in current dollars. Information for this report was gathered from a wide variety of published sources including company reports and filings, government documents, legal filings, trade journals, newspapers and business press, analysts’ reports and other sources.

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http://www.visionshopsters.com/product/1594/What-s-Next-in-Vaccines-HIV-Malaria-Rabies-MRSA-and-30-Other-Vaccine-Targets-in-the-2010-2020-Pipeline.html

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More Dna Vaccines Articles

What’s Next In Vaccines? Hiv, Malaria, Rabies, Mrsa, And 30 Other Vaccine Targets In The 2010-2020 Pipeline is a post from: Nature Technology Corporation

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EDIBLE VACCINES – NEW APPROACH IN PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

MAJORITY of the human population is prone to several infections. It is necessary to produce new vaccines that have economic and other advantages over the existing injectable vaccines.

Recently plants are being used as the alternative vaccine production system because of its several advantages over animal system. They can also be used for harvesting immunoglobulins and antiviral proteins, interferon. The emergence of plant edible vaccines has given the new and dramatic hope for human revolution. The first edible vaccines were produced in tobacco in 1990 in which 0.02 % recombinant protein of the total soluble leaf proteins was found.

Today, several plants based edible vaccines including potato, banana, carrot; tobacco, maize etc are available that are successfully engineered by researcher and scientists. For making edible vaccines against the different pathogens, it is necessary to find out pathogen associated antigenic epitopes or surface antigens. The antigenic epitopes are proteins or peptides that are encoded by genomic sequences. Among the different epitopes, protective one can be selected for vaccine development that provokes antibody response.

The basic methodology includes identification, selection and isolation of desirable genes from the pathogen that encodes the surface antigen proteins. The isolated gene can be then cloned in a suitable vector for gene transfer. The selected vector should possess all the unique characteristics of an ideal vector. The molecular markers present in vectors can be used for screening transformed host cells from untransformed. After integration of desirable gene in host genome, the cells can be checked for cloned gene expressions using ELIZA that ultimately uses antigen specific monoclonal antibodies. The transformed cells with positive cloned gene expressions allow them for propagation using plant tissue culture.

The other way to produce a plant based vaccines is to infect the plants with recombinant virus carrying the desirable antigen that is fused to viral coat protein. The infected plant has been reported to produce the desired fusion protein in a large amount in short span. Genetically engineered plants thus act as biofactories for vaccine production.

ADVANTAGES

1.Edible means of administration and gives excellent safety compared to injection.

2.It generates systemic and mucosal immunity. This is essential to avoid respiratory and digestive tracts infection.

3.Heat stability. Stable at room temperature. No need of refrigeration.

4.Mass production is possible.

5.Reduction in production costs.

6.Plants can be easily reproduced as compared to animals, used as a system for vaccines production.

TRANSGENIC OUTCOMES

Transgenic tobacco is successfully engineered for the production of edible vaccines against Hepatitis B antigen using‘s’ gene of HBV (Hepatitis B Virus). The optimum level of recombinant protein was obtained in leaves and seeds.

Potato is one of the best sources for vaccine production but the raw potatoes are not palatable and cooking destroys protein antigens. Vaccine for cholera is successfully developed in potato.

Banana is the ideal plant for oral vaccine production due to its excellent digestibility, palatability and availability throughout the year. Vaccine for hepatitis B is successfully made in banana.

There are several dramatic outcomes of plant biotechnology still numbers of questions raises related to the ethics and safety of the transgenic products.

Edible Vaccines is a post from: Nature Technology Corporation

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