1. Which is most characteristic of metaphase?
replication of a cell’s DNA
positioning of chromosomes on the equatorial plate of a cell
movement of centrioles to the poles of a cell
rest

2.An analogy for the nucleus of a cell is a community’s __________.
waste management services
manufacturing plants
police station
City Hall

3. Which of the following is evidence that mitochondria might have once been free-living organisms that were incorporated into the cell?
They work independently in the cell.
They are capable of duplicating themselves.
They have no membrane.
They are extremely small.

4.Which would have a greater surface-area-to-volume ratio, a large cell or a small cell?
the large cell
the small cell
The two cells have the same surface-area-to-volume ratio.
There is no way to know.

This is an excerpt on Optimization of the Induction of Target Protein Expression from a a book of laboratory techniques called Molecular Cloning.

Please re-write the following two steps in an easier to understand manner. Mainly, I’m confused at what they mean by inoculate and what is in a 1-mL culture?

1. Inoculate 1-mL cultures (NZCYM medium containing 50 ug/mL ampicillin) with a trasnformed colony containing positive control vectors, negative control vectors, and one containing the recombinant vector. Incubate the cultures overnight at 37*C to obtain a saturated culture.

2. Inoculate 5mL of NZCYM medium containing 50ug/mL ampicillin in a 50-mL flask with 50 uL of a saturated culture. Incubate the cultures for 2 hours at 37*C.

What is energy and where does it come from? Energy is the ability to do work and supplies the force that makes things move. You get energy from the rays of the sun and from molecules like carbon dioxide and water. Why you ask this is related to mitochondria and chloroplasts? Chloroplasts use the light from the sun to break molecular bonds of sugar to turn it into usable energy, or chemical energy by photosynthesis. Mitochondria use oxygen and molecules from nutrients of food to generate the needed compound to be combined as the chemical energy for the cell.
These organelles are found in the cytoplasm but depend where. For example, mitochondria are found in each cell of fungi, plants, bacteria, and animals. Chloroplasts undertake a similar function in the cells of plants. If you think about it, these organelles are absolutely essential to the existence of all higher forms of life on Earth. If all of the mitochondria in our bodies were to suddenly shut down, we would die. The same is true for plants were they to lose their chloroplasts. Without these organelles, how would we live? The mitochondria give off carbon dioxide and water to the chloroplast. From the chloroplast, they give off oxygen and glucose to the mitochondria. So how would we live? Without these the plants would not have any carbon dioxide and we would not have any oxygen and glucose.
The functions of mitochondria converts’ energy through a process called cell respiration. For this, cell respiration can either go through anerobic or aerobic. Anerobic, or another word fermentation, means without oxygen going through alcohol or lactic. Aerobic means no oxygen and they produce more ATP molecules than anerobic. Chloroplasts, on the other hand, take place of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process of making sugar by light. The formula for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O = [light] = C6H12O6 + 6O2.
As microscopes improved over the years, scientists began noticing striking similarities in the appearances of mitochondria and chloroplasts. They discovered that these two organelles contain their own small DNA, or genetic information. Their size is also different. Mitochondria are about one to ten micrometers and chloroplasts are about two micrometers, so that’s a difference. Mitochondria are a structure of a prokaryotic cell. Chloroplasts contain stacks of thylakoids in stroma. They also have two membranes that surround them which are called outer and inner.
Going through the process for these organelles are some what similar. They have an E.T.C. which is electron transport chain, and then they go from ADP to ATP in some way.
oops its my essay!!!

In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located together on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be..

A) the production of endospores among the bacterium’s progeny.
B) the rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat.
C) the temporary possession by this bacterium of a completely diploid genome.
D) a transformed bacterium
E) the subsequent loss of tetracycline resistance from this bacterium.

which of the following are not paired correctly?

a mrna- carries the genetic information coded for in the dna to the ribosomes

b rRna- interacts with the ribosomal protein and helps maintain the characteristic shape fo the ribosome

c tRna- inserts the amino acid specified by the codon on mRna into the polypeptide chain

d recombinant DNA- laboratory manipulated dna in which dna molecules or fragments from various sources are severed and combined enxymatically and reinserted into living organisms

e transposable elements – dna sequences that wrap around each other into clusters?

pleaseee help

In 1971, biologists moved five adult pairs of Italian wall lizards from their home island of Pod Kopiste, in the South Adriatic Sea, to the neighboring island of Pod Mrcaru. Now, an international team of researchers has shown that introducing these small, green-backed lizards, Podarcis sicula, to a new environment caused them to undergo rapid and large-scale evolutionary changes.
“Striking differences in head size and shape, increased bite strength and the development of new structures in the lizard’s digestive tracts were noted after only 36 years, which is an extremely short time scale,” says Duncan Irschick, a professor of biology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. “These physical changes have occurred side-by-side with dramatic changes in population density and social structure.”

Researchers returned to the islands twice a year for three years, in the spring and summer of 2004, 2005 and 2006. Captured lizards were transported to a field laboratory and measured for snout-vent length, head dimensions and body mass. Tail clips taken for DNA analysis confirmed that the Pod Mrcaru lizards were genetically identical to the source population on Pod Kopiste.

Observed changes in head morphology were caused by adaptation to a different food source. According to Irschick, lizards on the barren island of Pod Kopiste were well-suited to catching mobile prey, feasting mainly on insects. Life on Pod Mrcaru, where they had never lived before, offered them an abundant supply of plant foods, including the leaves and stems from native shrubs. Analysis of the stomach contents of lizards on Pod Mrcaru showed that their diet included up to two-thirds plants, depending on the season, a large increase over the population of Pod Kopiste.

“As a result, individuals on Pod Mrcaru have heads that are longer, wider and taller than those on Pod Kopiste, which translates into a big increase in bite force,” says Irschick. “Because plants are tough and fibrous, high bite forces allow the lizards to crop smaller pieces from plants, which can help them break down the indigestible cell walls.”

Examination of the lizard’s digestive tracts revealed something even more surprising. Eating more plants caused the development of new structures called cecal valves, designed to slow the passage of food by creating fermentation chambers in the gut, where microbes can break down the difficult to digest portion of plants. Cecal valves, which were found in hatchlings, juveniles and adults on Pod Mrcaru, have never been reported for this species, including the source population on Pod Kopiste.

“These structures actually occur in less than 1 percent of all known species of scaled reptiles,” says Irschick. “Our data shows that evolution of novel structures can occur on extremely short time scales. Cecal valve evolution probably went hand-in-hand with a novel association between the lizards on Pod Mrcaru and microorganisms called nematodes that break down cellulose, which were found in their hindguts.”

Change in diet also affected the population density and social structure of the Pod Mrcaru population. Because plants provide a larger and more predictable food supply, there were more lizards in a given area on Pod Mrcaru. Food was obtained through browsing rather than the active pursuit of prey, and the lizards had given up defending territories.

“What is unique about this finding is that rapid evolution can affect not only the structure and function of a species, but also influence behavioral ecology and natural history,” says Irschick.

Results of the study were published March 25 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Fund for Scientific Research in Flanders. Additional members of the research team include Anthony Herrel of Harvard University and the University of Antwerp, Kathleen Huyghe, Bieke Vanhooydonck, Thierry Backeljau and Raoul Van Damme of the University of Antwerp, Karin Breugelmans of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences and Irena Grbac of the Croatian Natural History Museum.

using E.coli containig plasmids DNA carrying gene for GH, DNA ligase a restriction enzyme and growth medium

10 points!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~True Or False~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. Blue light has more enrgy than green light.
2. Chlorophyll absorbed by green light.
3. The synthesis reactions use carbon dioxide.
4. The calvin cycle produces PGAL.
5. Glycolysis takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.
6. Most of the energy in glucose is related as ATP by the electron transport chain.
7. Fermentation is special from of aerobic respiration.
8. Plants use energy release by cellular respiration to make glucose.
9. Mitochondria have their own DNA and produce by fission.
10. Bioremediation can help solve environmental problems.

Write a true statement for each false below:
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In a study done, a vector was inserted with a p element and the gene for white eyes, but since that’s a recessive allele, it must’ve interrupted the wildtype red allele… if this is true, how was it done?